102. Gibbs Free Energy - Calculations Involving Free Energy | Study

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Study Mind OCR A-Level Chemistry 🧪⚗️

A-Level Chemistry Study Guide: ALL Exam Board Specifications

A-Level Chemistry Part 2 (Chapters 46-78)
A-Level Chemistry Part 1 (Chapters 21-45)
A-Level Chemistry Part 3 (Chapters 79-117)
A-Level Chemistry Part 4 (Chapters 118-161)
A-Level Chemistry Part 5 (Chapters 162-203)

Study Mind Flashcards - OCR A-Level Chemistry

OCR A-Level Chemistry Flashcards (PDF)

1.1 Atomic Structure

1.1.1 Fundamental Particles (7:04)
1.1.2 Mass Number and Isotopes (34:22)
1.1.3 Electron Configuration (56:12)

1.2 Amount of Substance

1.2.1 RAM and RMM (11:22)
1.2.2 The Mole and Avogadro Constant (16:27)
1.2.3 The Ideal Gas Equation (9:50)
1.2.4 Empirical and Molecular Formula (20:38)
1.2.5 Balanced Equations and calculations (44:54)

1.3 Bonding

1.3.1 Ionic Bonding (11:24)
1.3.2 Covalent and Dative Covalent Bonding (7:35)
1.3.3 Metallic bonding (3:40)
1.3.4 Bonding and Properties (22:23)
1.3.5 Shapes of molecules and ions (17:55)
1.3.6 Bond Polarity (11:02)
1.3.7 Forces Between molecules (15:06)

1.4 Energetics

1.4.1 Enthalpy Change (7:43)
1.4.2 Calorimetry (14:38)
1.4.3 Applications of Hess's Law (12:58)
1.4.4 Bond Enthalpies (10:21)

1.5 Kinetics

1.5.1 Collision Theory (4:54)
1.5.2 Maxwell-B (3:47)
1.5.3 Temperature (7:13)
1.5.4 Concentration and Pressure (4:04)
1.5.5 Catalysts (4:05)

1.6 Chemical equilibria, Le Chatelier’s principle and Kc

1.6.1 Equilibria (15:44)
1.6.2 Equilibrium Constant Kc (17:28)

1.7 Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Equations

1.7 Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Equations (11:00)

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2.1 Periodicity

2.1.1 Classification (4:05)
2.1.2 Physical Properties of the Period 3 elements (8:23)

2.2 Group 2, The Alkaline Earth Metals

2.2 Group 2, The Alkaline Earth Metals (13:23)

2.3 Group 7(17), the halogens

2.3.1 Trends In Properties (13:04)
2.3.2 Uses of Chlorine and Chlorate Ions 1 (5:10)

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3.1 Chemical measurements

3.1.1 Nomenclature (7:07)
3.1.2 Reaction Mechanisms (5:34)
3.1.3. Isomerism (4:58)

3.2 Alkanes

3.2.1 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil (4:22)
3.2.2 Modification of Alkanes By Cracking (2:57)
3.2.3 Combustion of Alkanes (5:30)
3.2.4 Chlorination of Alkanes (1:58)

3.3 Halogenoalkanes

3.3.1 Nucleophilic Substitution (5:49)
3.3.2 Elimination (2:21)
3.3.3 Ozone Depletion (2:49)

3.3.4 Alkenes

3.4.1 Structure, Bonding and Reactivity (1:45)
3.4.2 Addition Reactions of Alkenes (8:15)
3.4.3 Addition Polymers (7:41)

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Thermodynamics

91. Born-Haber Cycles - Lattice Enthalpies (4:20)
92. Born-Haber Cycles - Enthalpy Key Terms (13:01)
93. Born-Haber Cycles - Construction of Born-Haber Cycles (7:20)
94. Born-Haber Cycles - Calculations (7:25)
95. Born-Haber Cycles - Enthalpy of Hydration (2:42)
96. Born-Haber Cycles - Enthalpy of Solution (2:23)
97. Born-Haber Cycles - Calculating Enthalpy of Solution (3:19)
98. Gibbs Free Energy - Introduction to Entropy (4:11)
99. Gibbs Free Energy - Total Entropy Changes (5:08)
100. Gibbs Free Energy - Entropy Change Predictions (3:21)
101. Gibbs Free Energy - Gibbs Free Energy (3:45)
102. Gibbs Free Energy - Calculations Involving Free Energy (6:06)

Rate Equations

103. Rate Equations - Measuring Rate of reaction
104. Rate Equations - The Rate Equation (2:20)
105. Rate Equations - Introduction to Order of Reactions
106. Rate Equations - The Rate Constant
107. Rate Equations - Temperature changes and the rate constant
108. Determination of Rate Equation - Determining Orders of Reaction Graphically
109. Determination of Rate Equation - Determining Orders of Reactions Experimentally
110. Determination of Rate Equation - Uses of Clock Reactions
111. Determination of Rate Equation - Reaction Half Lives (3:31)
112. Determination of Rate Equation - Reaction Determining Steps

A-level Chemistry All Boards Course

21. Subatomic Particles (6:54)
33. Stoichiometric Calculations (14:31)
42. Predicting Bonding Types (7:28)
79. Obtaining Alkanes (6:06)
88. Alcohol production (6:33)
95. Enthalpy of Hydration (2:42)
100. Entropy Change Predictions (3:21)
119. Representing Electrochemical Cells (3:58)
135. Reactivity of Period 3 Elements (5:48)
136. Properties of Period 3 Compounds (17:47)
137. The Transition metals (3:36)
138. Variable Oxidation States (2:06)
139. Characteristics of Transition Metals (4:30)
140. Introduction to Complex Ions (5:57)
141. Ligands (4:01)
142. Complex Ion Shape (4:15)
143. Cis Trans Isomerism in Complex Ions (3:16)
144. Optical Isomerism in Complex Ions (2:12)
145. Colours of Transition Metal Ions (10:35)
146. Ligand Substitution Reactions (21:43)
153. 12.2, 12.23 (6:15)
154. Transiton Metals as Homogeneous Catalysts (3:10)
155. Autocatalysis in Transition Metals (2:53)
156. Metal Ions in Solution (8:35)
161. Carbonyl Compounds (4:09)
183. Polymer Disposal (2:42)
185. Structure of Proteins (14:15)
186. Enzyme Action (4:07)
187. DNA (6:33)
188. DNA Replication (6:11)
192. Organic Synthesis: Aromatic Compounds (8:02)
New Lecture

OCR A-Level: 2.1.1 Atomic structure and Isotopes

1. Atomic and Mass Numbers (10:15)
2. Element Isotopes (4:42)
3. Mass Spectrometry (22:25)
4. Measuring Relative Masses (9:13)

OCR A-Level: 2.1.2 Compounds, Formulae and Equations

1. Balancing Chemical Equations (20:26)
2. Ion Formation (5:51)

OCR A-Level: 2.1.3 Amount of Substance

1. The Mole and the Avogrado Constant (8:58)
2. Further Mole calculations (17:52)
3. The Ideal Gas Equation (10:14)
4. Empirical and Molecular Formulae (17:15)
5. Calculating Percentage Yield (8:47)
6. Percentage Atom Economy (7:57)

OCR A-Level: 2.1.4 Acids

1. Commercial Applications of Fuel Cells (11:58)
2. Brownsted-Lowry Acid-Base Equilibrium (8:42)
3. Neutralisation Reactions (3:39)
4. Titrations (3:37)

OCR A-Level: 2.1.5 Redox

1. Oxidation States (14:44)
2. Redox Processes (5:03)

OCR A-Level: 2.2.1 Electron structure

1. Electrons in Atoms (13:41)
2. Electron Arrangement (16:33)

OCR A-Level: 2.2.2 Bonding and Structure

1. Properties of Ionic Bonding (10:33)
2. Covalent Bonds (9:05)
3. Properties of Covalent Structures (5:33)
4. Molecular Shapes (18:20)
5. Bond Polarity (14:04)
6. Forces between Molecules (21:11)
7. Hydrogen Bonding in Water (11:16)

OCR A-Level: 3.1.1 Periodicity

1. Properties of Metallic Bonding (5:06)
2. Carbon Allotropes (7:25)
3. Classification (6:13)
4. Trends along Period 3 (9:04)
5. Ionisation Energies (24:08)

OCR A-Level: 3.1.2 Group 2

1. Group 2, The Alkaline Earth Metals (5:25)
2. Reactions of Group 2 Elements (16:06)
3. Uses of Group 2 Elements and their Compunds (5:05)

OCR A-Level: 3.1.2 The Halogens

1. Group 7, The Halogens (9:55)
2. Reactions of the Halogens (10:12)
3. Disproportionation Reactions in Halogens (9:36)
4. Reducing power of Halide Ions (11:06)

OCR A-Level: 3.1.4 Qualitative analysis

1. Testing for Ions (9:21)

OCR A-Level: 3.2.2 Reaction rates

1. Reaction Rates and the Collision Theory (16:03)
2. Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution (14:31)
3. Measuring Rate of Reaction

OCR A-Level: 3.2.3 Chemical equilibrium

1. Chemical Equilibria and Le Chatelier's Principle (15:52)
2. Chemical Equilibria applied to Industry (7:29)
3. Calculations with Equilibrium Constants (22:13)

OCR A-Level: 4.1.1 Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry

1. Naming and Representing Organic Compounds (23:07)
2. Introduction to Functional Groups (4:37)
3. General Formulae (3:23)
4. Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry (13:32)
5. Isomers (6:26)

OCR A-Level: 4.1.2 Alkanes

1. Alkanes: Properties and Reactivity (21:00)

OCR A-Level: 4.1.3 Alkenes

1. E/Z Isomerism (20:45)
2. Alkene Reactivity (20:07)
3. Addition Polymerisation in Alkenes (10:07)

OCR A-Level: 4.2.1 Alcohols

1. Introduction to Alcohols (7:19)
2. Alcohol oxidation (9:11)
3. Reactivity of Alcohols (18:55)

OCR A-Level: 4.2.2 Haloalkanes

1. Introduction to Halogenoalkanes (10:44)
2. Reactivity of Halogenoalkanes (16:08)
3. Environmental impact of Halogenoalkanes (10:48)

OCR A-Level: 4.2.3 Organic synthesis

1. Identification of Functional Groups (10:29)
2. Practical Preparation Techniques (4:14)
3. Practical Purification Techniques (9:00)
4. Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (12:06)

OCR A-Level: 4.2.4 Analytical techniques

1. Mass Spectrometry (22:25)
2. Identification of Functional Groups (10:29)
3. Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy (12:04)

OCR A-Level: Rates, Equilibrium and pH 5.1.1 How fast?

1. The Rate Equation (2:20)
2. Introduction to Order of Reactions (2:37)
3. The Rate Constant (5:11)
4. Temperature Changes and the Rate Constant (10:18)
5. Determining Orders of Reaction Graphically (4:49)
6. Determining Orders of Reactions Experimentally (5:37)
7. Uses of Clock Reactions (4:09)
8. Reaction Half Lives
9. Reaction Determining Steps (5:51)

OCR A-Level: 5.1.2 How fast?

1. Chemical Equilibria and Le Chatelier's Principle (15:52)
2. Chemical Equilibria applied to Industry (7:29)
3. Calculations with Equilibrium Constants (22:13)
4. Gas Partial Pressures (5:19)
5. Gas Equilibria and Kp (8:55)
6. Le Chatelier's Principle in Gas Equilibria (4:46)
7. Changing Kp (4:20)

OCR A-Level: 5.1.3 Acids, Bases and Buffers

1. Brownsted-Lowry Acid-Base Equilibrium (8:42)
2. Strength of Acids and Bases (3:19)
3. Neutralisation Reactions (3:39)
4. The pH scale and Strong acids (7:14)
5. The Acid Dissociation Constant, Ka (6:31)
6. More Ka Calculations (6:14)
7. Ionic Product of Water (5:11)
8. pH of Strong Bases (9:52)
9. Dilutions and pH (2:25)
10. Buffer Action (24:38)
11. Titrations (3:37)
12. Acid-base Indicators (4:53)
13. Drawing pH Curves (13:06)

OCR A-Level: 5.2.1 Lattice enthalpy

1. Lattice Enthalpies (4:20)
2. Enthalpy Key Terms (13:01)
3. Construction of Born-Haber Cycles (7:20)
4. Calculations involving Born-Haber Cycles (7:25)
5. Enthalpy of Solution (2:23)
6. Calculating Enthalpy of Solution (3:19)

OCR A-Level: 5.2.2 Enthalpy and Entropy

1. Introduction to Entropy (4:11)
2. Total Entropy Changes (5:08)
3. Gibbs Free Energy (3:45)
4. Calculations involving Free Energy (6:06)

OCR A-Level: 5.2.3 Redox and Electrode potentials

1. Balancing Redox Equations (12:13)
2. Half Cells and Full Cells (9:56)
3. Electrode Potentials (14:09)
4. Electrochemical cells Reactions (8:08)
5. Commercial Applications of Fuel Cells (11:58)
6. Redox Reactions Revisited (2:40)
7. Redox Potentials (4:27)
8. Redox Titrations (4:11)
9. Using Potassium Permanganate in Redox Titrations (15:14)
10. Iodine-Sodium Thiosulfate Titrations (10:10)
11. Examples of Redox in Transition Metals (8:51)

OCR A-Level: 5.3.1 Transition elements

1. Redox Titrations (4:11)
2. Using Potassium Permanganate in Redox Titrations (15:14)
3. Iodine-Sodium Thiosulfate Titrations (10:10)

OCR A-Level: 5.3.2 Qualitative analysis

1. Precipitation Reactions of Metal Ions in Solution (17:47)
2. Testing for Cations (5:56)
3. Testing for Anions (9:08)

OCR A-Level: 6.1.1 Aromatic compounds

1. Introduction to Benzene (6:35)
2. Delocalisation Model of Benzene (2:45)
3. Benzene Nomenclature (4:22)
4. Electrophilic Substitution Reactions in Benzene (7:46)
5. Halogenation Reactions in Benzene (6:29)
6. Friedel-Crafts Acylation and Alkylation (12:16)
7. Reactivity of Substituted Benzene (13:09)

OCR A-Level: 6.1.2 Carbonyl compounds

1. Reactivity of Carbonyl Compounds (11:28)
2. Testing for Carbonyl Compounds (6:52)

OCR A-Level: 6.1.3 Carboxylic acids and Esters

1. Properties and Reactivity of Carboxylic Acids (16:51)
2. Properties and Reactivity of Esters (13:03)
3. Acyl Groups (23:56)

OCR A-Level: 6.2.1 Amines

1. Introduction to Amines (8:45)

OCR A-Level: 6.2.2 Amino acids, Amides and Chirality

1. Optical Isomerism (10:30)
2. Structure of Amides (6:40)
3. Amine Synthesis (9:45)
4. Properties and Reactivity of Amines (13:40)
5. Structure of Amino Acids (8:08)

OCR A-Level: 6.2.3 Polyesters and Polyamides

1. Condensation Polymers (3:48)
2. Polyamide Formation (3:45)
3. Polymer Biodegradability (4:04)

OCR A-Level: 6.2.4 Carbon–carbon Bond Formation

1. Reactions to Increase Carbon Chain Length (4:34)
2. Friedel-Crafts Acylation and Alkylation (12:16)
3. Amine Synthesis (9:45)
4. Nitriles (3:02)
5. Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (12:06)

OCR A-Level: 6.2.5 Organic synthesis

1. Practical Preparation Techniques (4:14)
2. Practical Purification Techniques (9:00)
3. Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (12:06)
4. Considerations in Organic Synthesis (1:47)

OCR A-Level: 6.3.1 Chromatography and Qualitative Analysis

1. Identification of Functional Groups (10:29)
2. Chromatography (13:58)
3. Different Types of Chromatography (9:45)

OCR A-Level: 6.3.2 Spectroscopy

1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (3:10)
2. NMR Samples and Standards (2:00)
3. Types of NMR: Carbon 13 (8:32)
4. Types of NMR: Hydrogen (6:51)
5. High Resolution 1H NMR (8:32)
6. Deuterium use in 1H NMR (6:42)

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102. Gibbs Free Energy - Calculations Involving Free Energy

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